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''Transandinomys bolivaris'', also known as the long-whiskered rice rat, is a rodent in the genus ''Transandinomys''. It is found in humid forest from northeastern Honduras to western Ecuador, up to 1,800 m (5,900 ft) above sea level. Since it was first described in 1901 from Ecuador, six scientific names have been introduced for it, but their common identity was not documented until 1998 and the species has long been known under the name ''Oryzomys bombycinus'', described from Panama in 1912. The name ''Oryzomys bolivaris'' was used before it was moved to the new genus ''Transandinomys'' with ''Transandinomys talamancae'' (formerly ''Oryzomys talamancae'') in 2006. It is a medium-sized rice rat distinguished by its very long vibrissae (whiskers)—those above the eyes are up to long. The fur, which is soft and dense, is usually dark brown above and light gray below; it is darker in juveniles. The feet are long and the tail is about as long as the head and body. The skull is narrow and has a broad interorbital region (between the eyes). The species generally lives on the ground. Although it is rare, its conservation status is thought to be secure. ==Taxonomy== In 1901, Joel Asaph Allen described four new species of rice rat in the genus ''Oryzomys'': three from Ecuador and the Peruvian ''Oryzomys perenensis''. The three Ecuadorian species–''Oryzomys bolivaris'' from Porvenir, Bolívar Province; ''Oryzomys castaneus'' from San Javier, Esmeraldas Province; and ''Oryzomys rivularis'' from Río Verde, Pichincha Province—were each based on a single specimen collected in 1899 or 1900.〔Allen, 1901, pp. 405–407; Musser et al., 1998, p. 271〕 He distinguished the three on the basis of coloration, size, and relative tail length.〔Musser et al., 1998, p. 273〕 Philip Hershkovitz listed all three among the many synonyms of "''Oryzomys laticeps''" (currently more narrowly defined as ''Hylaeamys laticeps'') in a 1960 paper.〔Hershkovitz, 1960, p. 544〕 Edward Alphonso Goldman described ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' in 1912 from four specimens from Panama. He compared it to ''Oryzomys talamancae'' and placed it with the "''Oryzomys laticeps'' group".〔Goldman, 1912, pp. 6–7〕 Three years later, he described ''Oryzomys nitidus alleni'' from Costa Rica as a subspecies of ''Oryzomys nitidus'', without mentioning ''bombycinus''.〔 He revised ''Oryzomys'' of North America in 1918 and recognized ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' as the only member of its own group, with ''alleni'' as a subspecies distinguished by the proportions of the skull. He also mentioned that the group occurred in Ecuador and indicated that ''O. bombycinus'' probably reached Colombia. Goldman considered the group to be similar to ''O. talamancae'', but suggested that ''bombycinus'' and ''alleni'' might only be subspecies of ''O. nitidus''.〔Goldman, 1918, pp. 75–78〕 In 1939, Oliver Pearson added a third subspecies, ''O. b. orinus'', from eastern Panama,〔Pearson, 1939, pp. 2–3〕 and in 1966 the species was first recorded from Colombia.〔Pine, 1971, p. 592〕 Ronald Pine reviewed ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' in 1971, when 59 specimens of it were known, and first recorded the species from Nicaragua and Ecuador.〔Pine, 1971, p. 590〕 He kept the three described subspecies—''alleni'' from Nicaragua to western Panama, ''bombycinus'' from central Panama, and ''orinus'' from eastern Panama to Ecuador.〔Pine, 1971, fig. 1〕 Alfred Gardner and James Patton suggested in 1976 that Allen's ''O. rivularis'' may be the same species as ''O. bombycinus''. They considered ''O. bolivaris'' as probably the same as ''O. nitidus'' and listed ''castaneus'' as a synonym of ''O. capito'' (equivalent to modern ''Hylaeamys megacephalus'' and closely related species plus ''Transandinomys talamancae'').〔Gardner and Patton, 1976, pp. 39–41〕 In 1984, Benshoof and colleagues reported the first record of ''Oryzomys bombycinus'' from Honduras.〔Benshoof et al., 1984, p. 512〕 Guy Musser and Marina Williams reviewed ''O. talamancae'' in 1985 and included ''O. castaneus'' as one of its synonyms, though without having examined the holotype.〔Musser and Williams, 1985, p. 14〕 In the 1993 second edition of ''Mammal Species of the World'', Musser and Michael Carleton used the name ''Oryzomys bolivaris'' for the species previously known as ''O. bombycinus'', and in 1998, Musser and colleagues fully documented the allocation of the names ''bolivaris'', ''castaneus'', ''rivularis'', ''bombycinus'', ''alleni'', and ''orinus'' to the same species, ''Oryzomys bolivaris''.〔Musser et al., 1998, pp. 110, 273〕 They noted its similarity to ''O. talamancae'', but did not attempt to determine phylogenetic relationships among the species they discussed.〔Musser et al., 1998, p. 323〕 In their limited material, they found geographic variation within the species inconsequential and they recognized no subspecies.〔Musser et al., 1998, pp. 148–149〕 In 2006, Marcelo Weksler published a phylogenetic analysis of Oryzomyini ("rice rats"), the tribe to which ''Oryzomys'' is allocated, using morphological and DNA sequence data. His results showed species of ''Oryzomys'' dispersed across Oryzomyini and suggested that most species in the genus should be allocated to new genera.〔Weksler, 2006, pp. 75–77〕 Later in the same year, he, together with Alexandre Percequillo and Robert Voss, named ten new genera for these species, including ''Transandinomys'', which has ''Oryzomys talamancae'' (now ''Transandinomys talamancae'') as its type species.〔 They also included ''Oryzomys bolivaris'' in ''Transandinomys'', so that it is now named ''Transandinomys bolivaris'', although it had not been included in Weksler's phylogenetic study. The two species are morphologically similar, but they could identify only one synapomorphy (shared-derived trait) for them: very long superciliary vibrissae (whiskers above the eyes).〔Weksler et al., 2006, p. 26〕 ''Transandinomys'' is one of about 30 genera in Oryzomyini, a diverse assemblage of American rodents of over a hundred species,〔Weksler, 2006, p. 3〕 and on higher taxonomic levels in the subfamily Sigmodontinae of family Cricetidae, along with hundreds of other species of mainly small rodents.〔Musser and Carleton, 2005〕 Various authors have used the common name "long-whiskered rice rat" for this species,〔Pine, 1971, p. 570; Reid, 2009, p. 208〕 but several other names have been proposed. In 1918, Goldman named ''O. bombycinus bombycinus'' the "Long-Haired Rice Rat"〔Goldman, 1918, p. 77〕 and ''O. b. alleni'' the "Allen Rice Rat".〔Goldman, 1918, p. 78〕 Musser and Carleton, writing in the 2005 third edition of ''Mammal Species of the World'', used "Long-whiskered Oryzomys",〔Musser and Carleton, 2005, p. 1146〕 the 2009 IUCN Red List gave "Bolivar Rice Rat",〔 and Thomas Lee and colleagues used "Long-whiskered Trans-Andean Rice Rat" in 2010.〔Lee et al., 2010, p. 10〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Transandinomys bolivaris」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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